پاورپوینت غشا, فیلتراسیون و انواع غشا

پاورپوینت غشا, فیلتراسیون و انواع غشا (pptx) 36 اسلاید

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تعداد اسلاید: 36 اسلاید

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غشا , فیلتراسیون و انواع غشا غشا لایه ای است نازک که می تواند اجزا یک سیال را به طور انتخابی از آن جدا کند و یا به عبارت دیگر غشاء وسیله ای است که جداسازی موارد را عموماً براساس اندازه مولکولی ، پتانسیل شیمیایی ، پتانسیل الکتریکی . . . ممکن می سازد. در یک فرایند غشایی عموماً دو فاز وجود دارد که توسط فاز سوم ( غشاء ) به طور کلی فیزیکی جدا شده اند و غشاء انتقال جرم بین دو فاز را کنترل می کند .(1)(2) به فازی که از غشاء عبور می کند تراوه ( پرمیت) و به فازی که توسط غشا نگه داشته می شود. اصطلاحاً ناتراوه ( ریتنتیت) می گویند . (1) THE FOUR MEMBRANE PROCESSES Reverse Osmosis (RO) is the tightest possible membrane process in liquid/liquid separation. Water is in principle the only material passing through the membrane; essentially all dissolved and suspended material is rejected. The more open types of RO membranes are sometimes confused with nanofiltration (NF).(3) True NF rejects only such as sulfate or phosphate, . NF also rejects , dissolved materials and positively charged ions according to the size and shape of the molecule. Finally, the rejection of sodium chloride with NF depending on the feed concentration. In contrast, “loose RO” is an RO membrane with reduced salt rejection.(3) Ultrafiltration (UF) is a process where the HMWC, such as protein, and suspended solids are rejected, while all LMWC pass through the membrane freely. There is consequently no rejection of mono- and di-saccharides , salts, amino acids, organics, inorganic acids or sodium hydroxide.(3) Microfiltration (MF) is a process where ideally only suspended solids are rejected, while even proteins pass the membrane freely. (3) RO membranes: 85% NF membranes: 3 - 5% UF and MF membranes: 5 - 7% Other membranes: 3 - 5% Materials like polyacrylonitrile (PAN), ceramic materials (SiO2) and cellulose (hydrolyzed cellulose acetate) are included in the group of “other membranes.” Total worldwide consumption of membranes(3) Comparing Four Membrane Processes(3) Membrane Reverse Osmosis Nanofiltration Ultrafiltration Micro filtration Thickness 150 μ m 150 μ m 150 - 250 μ m 10-150 μ m Rejection of HMWC, LMWC sodium chloride Glucose amino acids HMWC mono-, di - and Oligosaccharides polyvalent neg. ions Macro molecules Proteins Polysaccharides vira Particles Clay bacteria Membrane materials CA Thin film CA Thin film Ceramic PSO, PVDF, CA Thin film Ceramic PP, PSO, PVDF Membrane Module Tubular spiral wound plate-and-frame Tubular spiral wound plate-and-frame Tubular hollow fiber spiral wound plate-and-frame Tubular hollow fiber Operating pressure 15-150 bar 5-35 bar 1-10 bar <2 bar RO: Permeate Concentrate dyeing effluent clean water salt, chemicals, waste products water low salinity water salty water whey low permeate whey concentrate Type of Membrane Process for Several Products(3) NF: Permeate Concentrate antibiotics salty waste product desalted, concentrated antibiotics dyeing effluent clean, salty water color water softened water waste product whey salty waste water desalted whey concentrate Type of Membrane Process for Several Products(3)